Federal Government Structure

The U.S. federal government divides into three branches—legislative, executive, and judicial—each with distinct powers and checks to prevent dominance by any one.

Congress and Legislative Power

Congress, comprising the Senate and House, writes laws, levies taxes, declares war, and regulates commerce. Courts recently reclaimed tariff authority delegated to presidents. Congress can block presidential tariffs using legislative tools, while slim majorities limit Speaker control and procedures resolve shutdowns or check officials via impeachment. The Speech or Debate Clause shields members.

The Executive Branch

The President enforces laws, commands agencies, and issues executive orders courts may strike down. Recent orders drive mass restructuring and hiring freezes, impacting workers via new rules and Schedule F.

Independent Agencies

Agencies like the Fed and SEC form a fourth branch, insulated by legal architecture. The Fed resists pressure, with Senate powers blocking nominees, though proposals target their independence.