Federal Government Structure

The U.S. federal government divides power among three branches—the executive, legislative, and judicial—each checking the others to prevent overreach. This structure shapes everything from policy execution to daily operations.

Presidential Authority and Constraints

Presidents issue executive orders to direct agencies, but courts can strike them down. Tariff powers highlight tensions, as presidents claim broad trade authority once held by Congress.

Congressional Powers and Tools

Congress controls funding and uses procedural levers like ending shutdowns. A single senator can block Fed nominees, while the Speech or Debate Clause protects members.

Independent Agencies

Unelected agencies form a “fourth branch,” insulated by removal restrictions. The Federal Reserve resists presidential pressure, though executive actions test these limits. Agencies facing blocks have legal options.

Operations and Civil Service

Shutdowns and civil service rules reveal how branches negotiate amid disruptions.