Federal Government Structure

The U.S. federal government divides into three distinct branches—legislative, executive, and judicial—each with constitutionally defined powers designed to check and balance one another. This structure ensures no single branch accumulates too much power.

The Legislative Branch: Congress and Its Powers

Congress, made up of the House and Senate, makes laws, levies taxes, declares war, and regulates interstate commerce. The Senate confirms major presidential nominees, both chambers use impeachment to hold Cabinet officials accountable, and Congress controls trade policy. Narrow majorities constrain action as in Speaker Johnson’s case, while continuing resolutions resolve shutdowns. Courts decide disputes over tariff authority or treaty withdrawals.

The Executive Branch: Presidential Power and Limits

The President enforces laws via 15 Cabinet departments and agencies, issuing executive orders that face legal challenges. Debates cover agency restructuring, hiring freezes, and politically-motivated hiring. Funding gaps affect services as in DHS shutdowns or Medicaid freezes.

Independent Agencies: The “Fourth Branch”

Independent agencies like the Federal Reserve control the economy with legal shields from presidential control. The Fed resists pressure via its independence design. Proposals target agencies, testing firing limits.

Checks and Balances in Action

Deliberate tensions among branches prevent power concentration, with courts often resolving clashes.