Federal Court System

The federal court system, established by Article III of the Constitution, serves as one of three separate branches of government in America’s checks and balances.[1][2]

How Federal Courts Are Structured

It consists of three main tiers: 94 district courts as trial courts with original jurisdiction, 13 circuit courts for appeals, and the U.S. Supreme Court at the top.[1][3][4]

Role as Guardians of the Constitution

Federal courts hear cases involving federal law, the Constitution, and disputes between states, deciding constitutionality while relying on the executive branch for enforcement.[1][2][7]

Judicial Review and Power

Through judicial review, courts interpret laws and executive actions, shaping national policy with decisions that bind lower courts via precedent.[1][6][9]

Impact on Rights and Policy

These courts protect rights and liberties, intervening in political matters like redistricting and voting rights, making them central to federalism.[2][6]