Congressional Membership and Leadership

Congress is the legislative branch of the U.S. government, divided into two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. Together, these 535 voting members shape national policy, pass laws, and oversee federal programs.

The Senate and House of Representatives

The Senate consists of 100 members, with two senators from each state regardless of population. Senators serve six-year terms, with elections staggered so roughly one-third of the Senate is up for reelection every two years. The House has 435 voting representatives, with each state’s number of representatives determined by its population. Representatives serve two-year terms, meaning the entire House is up for election every two years.

Leadership and Party Control

In both chambers, party leaders—including majority and minority leaders, whips, and committee chairs—coordinate their party’s legislative strategy. The Speaker of the House, elected by the majority party, serves as the chamber’s presiding officer and leader. In the Senate, the Vice President serves as the ex officio President of the Senate and breaks tie votes, while the majority party elects a President Pro Tempore.

Congressional Committees

Most legislative work happens in standing committees, where members develop expertise in specific policy areas. Committees are chaired by members of the majority party, while the most senior minority party member serves as the ranking member.