How Government Works

The U.S. government operates through separated powers, checks and balances, and inter-branch conflicts. Congress wields the power of the purse to shape agency actions. Presidents exercise broad executive authority but face constitutional limits. Independent agencies enjoy legal protections from direct control. The Supreme Court defines boundaries, while states guard federalism principles.

Congress and the Power of the Purse

Congress controls agencies via funding. It uses funding deadlines and appropriations riders to embed policy. Missed deadlines trigger shutdowns, forcing agencies to decide who works without pay and which services continue, like DHS operations.

Presidential Power and Limits

Presidents claim tariff and emergency powers, but Congress holds constitutional authority over tariffs and can block via legislation. Emergency actions follow 1977 laws, including employee reassignments. Treaty exits and ignoring funding restrictions remain contested.

Independent Agencies

Agencies like the Federal Reserve feature removal protections and multi-member boards, limiting presidential firing despite challenges.