Citizenship

U.S. citizenship is the highest legal status a person can hold in the United States, granting full rights and responsibilities including voting, holding federal office, and access to certain government benefits. You can become a U.S. citizen in two primary ways: through birth or through naturalization. Understanding the pathways to citizenship, recent changes to the naturalization process, and what citizenship means is essential for immigrants and policymakers alike.

Paths to Citizenship

Citizenship can be obtained automatically at birth if you’re born on U.S. soil or to American parents abroad, though recent Supreme Court cases have raised questions about what the Supreme Court’s birthright citizenship case could mean for millions of Americans. Alternatively, foreign nationals who are lawful permanent residents can apply for naturalization after meeting specific residency requirements and demonstrating knowledge of U.S. history, government, and English. Understanding the differences between birth and naturalization citizenship helps clarify your path forward.

Recent Changes to Naturalization

Beginning in October 2025, applicants now face a more rigorous civics test with 20 questions (previously 10) and must answer at least 12 correctly to pass. Those 65 and older with 20 or more years of lawful permanent residence continue to take a shorter 10-question test. USCIS now evaluates whether applicants have demonstrated positive contributions to society—such as community involvement, stable employment, educational achievement, and tax compliance. Applicants should document civic participation, volunteer work, employment history, tax records, and family responsibilities before applying.

Citizenship Rights and Responsibilities

Once you become a U.S. citizen, you gain access to a U.S. passport and the extensive travel and legal protections it provides. Learn more about U.S. passport benefits and obligations. Citizenship also comes with responsibilities, including jury duty, military service eligibility, and the obligation to support and defend the Constitution.