Budget Appropriations

Budget Appropriations is how Congress decides where federal money gets spent. The U.S. Constitution gives Congress the power to control federal spending. Each year, lawmakers use the appropriations process to fund government agencies, military operations, social programs, and more. Without appropriations bills, the federal government cannot spend money.[1][2]

How Congress Funds the Government

Congress must pass 12 separate appropriations bills by October 1, the start of the fiscal year. The process begins when the president submits a budget request in February. House and Senate Budget Committees set spending limits, then Appropriations Committees and subcommittees divide funds among agencies.[1][2][3]

Congress Uses Spending Bills as a Policy Tool

Appropriations bills control agencies and shape policy. Congress attaches policy riders to restrict agency actions or mandate requirements like body cameras. Funding deadlines pressure agencies into compliance.[1]

When Funding Lapses

If Congress misses deadlines, it passes a continuing resolution or risks shutdown. Shutdowns halt non-essential services, though border patrol continues. Federal workers face unpaid leave uncertainty.[1][6]

The process impacts national security, grants, and daily services when funding lapses, like DHS grant freezes.