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The United States hasn’t drafted anyone since 1973, but the machinery remains ready. Nearly all American men between 18 and 25 must register with the Selective Service System, creating a database of potential soldiers should Congress ever authorize a new draft.
Failing to register can lock you out of federal jobs, student aid, and even citizenship. Here’s everything you need to know about a system that touches millions of young Americans.
What is the Draft Today?
The draft—formally called conscription—means mandatory military service. America ended conscription after Vietnam, transitioning to an all-volunteer military in 1973.
But the legal framework never disappeared. The Selective Service System, established in 1948, operates in standby mode. Its mission: maintain readiness to rapidly provide personnel to the Defense Department if the volunteer military can’t meet a severe national crisis.
Restarting the draft would require Congress to pass new legislation and the President to sign it. No exceptions.
Who Must Register?
The registration requirement casts a wide net. Federal law mandates that nearly all male U.S. citizens and male immigrants between 18 and 25 must register within 30 days of their 18th birthday.
This includes naturalized citizens, green card holders, refugees, asylum seekers, dual nationals, and residents of U.S. territories like Puerto Rico and Guam. The law even covers undocumented immigrants.
That last group faces a cruel dilemma. To comply with federal law, they must provide personal information to a government agency—risky for someone without legal status. But failing to register can permanently block any path to citizenship or legal status later.
How to Register
Registration is straightforward. Most men register online at sss.gov or by calling 1-888-655-1825. Paper forms are available at post offices.
Many states make it even easier. At least 46 states automatically register men when they apply for or renew driver’s licenses. For years, men could also register through the federal student aid application, but that option was recently removed—contributing to declining registration rates nationwide.
You’ll need your full name, address, date of birth, and Social Security number. Don’t have an SSN? Download a printable form from the Selective Service website.
Who’s Exempt?
Very few people escape the registration requirement. The main exemptions are:
Active duty military: Men serving full-time in the armed forces from age 18 to 26 don’t need to register. This includes service academy cadets. But if you enter the military after 18 or leave active duty before 26, you must register. National Guard and Reserve members not on active duty must register.
Certain visitors: Men in the U.S. on valid, unexpired non-immigrant visas (tourists, students) are exempt as long as they maintain that status until after age 26.
Institutionalized men: Those continuously confined to hospitals, nursing homes, mental institutions, or prisons from 30 days before their 18th birthday until after 26 are exempt. This includes men confined to homes who can’t leave without medical assistance.
Transgender Individuals
The Selective Service bases registration on sex assigned at birth, creating complications for transgender Americans.
Transgender women (assigned male at birth) must register, regardless of their current legal status or gender identity. Transgender men (assigned female at birth) don’t need to register.
This policy conflicts with how many states legally recognize gender, forcing some people to register for a draft system that doesn’t match their lived reality. The policy reflects federal interpretations of sex and gender that can change between presidential administrations.
The Real Penalties
Federal law makes failing to register a felony punishable by up to $250,000 in fines and five years in prison. The same penalties apply to anyone who helps another person avoid registration.
But the government hasn’t prosecuted anyone for failure to register since January 1986. Instead, it relies on a more effective punishment: denying federal and state benefits.
The real consequences follow you for life. Men who don’t register before age 26 can become permanently ineligible for:
Student aid: While recent changes removed the direct link between federal student aid and registration, many states still require registration for their grants and loans.
Federal jobs: Non-registrants are barred from any Executive branch position—affecting millions of potential jobs.
Job training: Federal workforce development programs under the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act are off-limits.
State benefits: At least 31 states tie registration to eligibility for state government jobs. Many also link it to driver’s license eligibility.
Immigration Consequences
For immigrant men, the stakes are highest. Failure to register can permanently block the path to U.S. citizenship.
Naturalization requires demonstrating “good moral character” for typically five years before applying. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services usually considers willful failure to register as failing this requirement.
The impact varies by age:
Under 26: You can still register. USCIS will likely require registration before approving citizenship.
Ages 26-31: This is the danger zone. Since you can’t register anymore, your failure falls within the five-year good moral character window. Your application will likely be denied unless you prove the failure wasn’t “knowing and willful.”
Over 31: Your failure to register generally falls outside the five-year window and no longer blocks naturalization.
Too Late to Register?
Once you turn 26, registration is impossible. If you’re later denied benefits because of non-registration, you have one recourse: explain your reasons to the agency that denied you.
You’ll likely need a “Status Information Letter” from the Selective Service stating whether they have a record of your registration. This isn’t a waiver—it’s just documentation.
Federal law allows agencies to grant benefits if you prove by a “preponderance of evidence” that your failure wasn’t “knowing and willful.” Each agency makes its own decision. This single teenage omission can create lifelong bureaucratic hurdles every time you apply for public jobs or certain aid.
How a Modern Draft Would Work
A new draft would follow a completely different process than Vietnam. Congress and military planners redesigned the system to address the inequities that made the Vietnam-era draft so controversial.
Congressional Authorization
Only Congress can authorize a draft by amending the Military Selective Service Act. The President must then sign the legislation. This ensures political consensus and public debate before conscription begins.
National Lottery
The Selective Service would conduct a public, televised lottery to establish a random order of call. Two large drums would be used—one containing every date of the year, another with sequence numbers 1 through 366.
Officials would simultaneously draw one capsule from each drum, pairing birth dates with sequence numbers. If September 14 is drawn with number 1, all eligible men born on September 14 would be called first.
Men would be called by age, starting with those turning 20 in the lottery year. If more troops were needed, the call would extend to ages 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25. Men turning 19, then 18, would be last.
This “youngest first” approach (starting at 20) limits primary draft exposure to a single year, ending the prolonged uncertainty that plagued the Vietnam generation.
Induction Process
Men with the lowest lottery numbers would receive an “Order to Report for Induction” by mail, directing them to a Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS).
At MEPS, potential draftees undergo physical exams, mental aptitude tests, and moral standards screening. Based on results, they’re either inducted into a service branch or disqualified and sent home.
Classification and Claims
Men aren’t assigned classifications when they register. The entire system activates only when a draft begins.
After receiving an induction notice, men can file claims for postponements, deferments, or exemptions. Local Boards and District Appeal Boards would handle these cases.
The Selective Service claims it could deliver the first inductees within 193 days of authorization. But a 2024 report from the Center for a New American Security suggests reality would be messier. The report identified major challenges: many young Americans aren’t physically or mentally fit for service, immediate legal challenges are certain (especially against a male-only draft), and managing public perception in the social media age would be difficult.
Classifications Explained
If drafted, men could claim different classifications affecting their service. These fall into three categories:
Postponement: Temporary delay in reporting. You’re still eligible for service.
Deferment: Temporary removal from the draft pool. Lasts only as long as the underlying reason exists.
Exemption: Permanent removal from eligibility.
Postponements
The broad student deferments that caused Vietnam-era controversy are gone, replaced by limited postponements:
High school students: Can postpone induction until graduation or their 20th birthday, whichever comes first.
College students: Can postpone until the current semester ends. Seniors can postpone until the academic year ends.
Deferments
Only a few deferment categories would be available:
Hardship (Class 3-A): For men whose induction would cause significant hardship to dependents—children, spouse, or elderly parents.
Ministerial students (Class 2-D): For full-time students studying to become ministers under recognized religious organizations. Not available for part-time theology students.
Exemptions
Exemptions permanently remove someone from draft eligibility:
Ministers (Class 4-D): Regular or ordained ministers are exempt to prevent disruption of public worship and religious leadership.
Elected officials (Class 4-B): High-level officials like governors or Congress members are exempt while in office.
Veterans (Class 4-A): Men who completed previous military service are generally exempt.
Sole surviving son (Class 4-A/4-G): May be exempt if the only surviving son in a family where the father or siblings died from military service.
Medical Disqualification
Men found medically or psychologically unfit at MEPS receive Class 4-F status. Disqualifying conditions can include chronic illnesses like severe asthma or diabetes, significant mental health disorders, or physical disabilities preventing military duties.
Standards are set by the Defense Department and can change based on military needs.
Conscientious Objectors
A conscientious objector opposes participating in “war in any form” because of deeply held religious, moral, or ethical beliefs.
The objection must be to all war, not just specific conflicts. This principle was established in the 1971 Supreme Court case Gillette v. United States, which ruled that opposing only “unjust” wars doesn’t qualify for CO status.
Beliefs must be “sincere and meaningful” and occupy a central place in the person’s life, parallel to how religious faith affects believers. The standard is high—claims can’t be based on political opposition, convenience, or self-interest.
Applying for CO Status
Conscientious objectors must still register. The CO application process begins only after receiving an induction notice.
Applications require detailed written statements and personal appearances before local boards. Applicants must explain their beliefs, describe experiences that shaped them, and provide examples of how beliefs affect daily life.
Witnesses like religious leaders, teachers, or family members can testify about belief sincerity. Denied claims can be appealed to district and national appeal boards.
Two Types of CO Classification
Approved conscientious objectors receive one of two classifications:
Class 1-A-O (Noncombatant Service): For objectors whose beliefs permit military service but forbid bearing arms. They’re inducted but assigned noncombatant roles like medic or support positions.
Class 1-O (Alternative Service): For objectors whose beliefs prohibit any military participation. They perform civilian work “contributing to national health, safety, or interest” for a period equal to military service—typically 24 months. Examples include conservation, education, healthcare, or caring for elderly or young people.
Historical Context
America has recognized conscientious objection since its founding, though early provisions often limited coverage to “peace churches” like Quakers, Mennonites, and the Church of the Brethren.
During World War II, the government established the Civilian Public Service program for large-scale alternative service. Thousands of objectors performed “work of national importance” in difficult conditions—building roads, fighting forest fires as early “smokejumpers,” and volunteering for medical experiments including landmark starvation and disease studies.
Should Women Register?
The Military Selective Service Act explicitly covers only “male persons.” For women to register, Congress would need new legislation.
The Supreme Court upheld male-only registration in the 1981 case Rostker v. Goldberg, ruling it wasn’t unconstitutional sex discrimination. The Court reasoned that since women were excluded from combat roles, and drafts primarily provided combat troops, excluding women from registration was justified.
Changing Legal Landscape
That reasoning evaporated in 2015 when the Defense Department opened all combat roles to women meeting required standards. With women eligible for any military position, the original justification for male-only registration no longer exists.
This sparked new legal challenges arguing that maintaining male-only registration violates Equal Protection principles. The ACLU and other civil liberties groups are actively litigating, calling the law outdated sex discrimination harming both men and women.
The Debate
Arguments for including women center on equality and military readiness. Proponents argue civic responsibilities should be shared equally and that including women would double the talent pool available during emergencies. This matters given recent military recruiting shortfalls and high rates of youth unfit for service.
Modern warfare increasingly emphasizes intelligence, cyber operations, and drone piloting—areas where physical strength isn’t primary. Expanding registration would symbolically declare women full and equal citizens sharing defense responsibilities.
Opposition comes from various sources. Polling shows a gender gap—most men support requiring women to register, while most women historically oppose it. Some opposition reflects traditional gender role beliefs and desire to shield women from combat dangers.
Some feminist perspectives oppose inclusion, arguing it forces women into what they see as a patriarchal, violent institution rather than challenging that institution’s existence.
Congress has repeatedly debated including women in recent National Defense Authorization Acts, but these provisions haven’t become law. The issue remains prominent and unresolved in national security policy.
Lessons from Vietnam
The Vietnam-era draft was one of modern America’s most divisive issues and a major catalyst for anti-war movements. About one-third of U.S. troops serving in Vietnam were draftees.
The system drew widespread criticism for perceived unfairness:
Systemic inequality: The draft favored men from wealthy, educated backgrounds who could access college and paternity deferments. The burden fell disproportionately on poor, working-class, and minority communities.
Arbitrary local boards: Draft decisions were made by local boards with enormous discretionary power, leading to accusations of favoritism and bias where personal connections influenced outcomes.
Prolonged uncertainty: The “oldest first” policy meant men faced potential service from age 18 to 26, creating years of uncertainty for entire generations.
Post-Vietnam Reforms
Intense public outcry led Congress to enact major reforms in 1971. Each change directly addressed specific Vietnam-era criticisms:
Random lottery: Replaced “oldest first” with transparent, televised random selection to eliminate favoritism.
Limited vulnerability: Focused on single age groups per year, limiting primary draft exposure to one year and ending prolonged uncertainty.
Eliminated broad deferments: Abolished controversial multi-year student deferments, replacing them with shorter postponements.
Guaranteed appeals: Ensured registrants could personally appear before local boards to appeal classifications.
Representative boards: Mandated that local board membership reflect community demographics as much as possible.
These reforms show how public pressure and political activism can create lasting government policy changes.
The Numbers Game
Data provides crucial context for understanding the Selective Service System’s scope and conscription’s historical role.
Registration Compliance by State (2023)
Registration rates vary dramatically across states, reflecting different laws, demographics, and awareness campaigns:
| State/Territory | Total Percentage Registered | Number of Registrations | Number of Eligible Residents |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 85.73% | 235,195 | 274,344 |
| Alaska | 84.21% | 36,644 | 43,516 |
| Arizona | 100.00% | 437,396 | 418,942 |
| Arkansas | 96.69% | 161,948 | 167,484 |
| California | 71.39% | 1,492,009 | 2,089,912 |
| Colorado | 74.69% | 243,874 | 326,494 |
| Connecticut | 100.00% | 196,268 | 193,388 |
| Delaware | 100.00% | 52,578 | 49,804 |
| District of Columbia | 48.03% | 17,350 | 36,120 |
| Florida | 88.80% | 948,456 | 1,068,097 |
| Georgia | 89.63% | 547,148 | 610,451 |
| Hawaii | 85.13% | 61,504 | 72,251 |
| Idaho | 83.60% | 93,682 | 112,065 |
| Illinois | 93.06% | 618,888 | 665,044 |
| Indiana | 73.43% | 283,921 | 386,667 |
| Iowa | 87.69% | 163,246 | 186,154 |
| Kansas | 76.36% | 135,872 | 177,941 |
| Kentucky | 75.53% | 182,084 | 241,076 |
| Louisiana | 100.00% | 253,890 | 239,783 |
| Maine | 72.59% | 47,005 | 64,754 |
| Maryland | 62.95% | 188,957 | 300,170 |
| Massachusetts | 53.28% | 204,324 | 383,484 |
| Michigan | 71.67% | 384,906 | 537,029 |
| Minnesota | 100.00% | 297,163 | 294,669 |
| Mississippi | 80.97% | 132,109 | 163,168 |
| Missouri | 77.01% | 253,493 | 329,172 |
| Montana | 65.29% | 40,691 | 62,319 |
| Nebraska | 72.35% | 82,552 | 114,107 |
| Nevada | 92.69% | 141,744 | 152,926 |
| New Hampshire | 75.11% | 51,855 | 69,039 |
| New Jersey | 78.15% | 353,185 | 451,935 |
| New Mexico | 94.16% | 111,751 | 118,678 |
| New York | 92.72% | 924,321 | 996,850 |
| North Carolina | 96.48% | 578,965 | 600,118 |
| North Dakota | 66.66% | 35,051 | 52,580 |
| Ohio | 94.14% | 574,723 | 610,516 |
| Oklahoma | 93.63% | 221,337 | 236,385 |
| Oregon | 66.31% | 139,075 | 209,735 |
| Pennsylvania | 66.95% | 445,548 | 665,504 |
| Rhode Island | 80.72% | 49,104 | 60,829 |
| South Carolina | 94.67% | 270,549 | 285,778 |
| South Dakota | 95.21% | 48,904 | 51,364 |
| Tennessee | 86.37% | 320,991 | 371,628 |
| Texas | 96.29% | 1,691,283 | 1,756,523 |
| Utah | 94.15% | 221,885 | 235,684 |
| Vermont | 57.99% | 20,924 | 36,084 |
| Virginia | 92.22% | 433,277 | 469,844 |
| Washington | 65.35% | 259,429 | 396,961 |
| West Virginia | 91.81% | 84,586 | 92,129 |
| Wisconsin | 76.99% | 247,323 | 321,244 |
| Wyoming | 71.42% | 23,079 | 32,314 |
| Puerto Rico | 74.41% | 122,627 | 164,792 |
| American Samoa | 46.27% | 1,406 | 3,039 |
| Guam | 61.05% | 6,917 | 11,330 |
| Northern Mariana Islands | 54.80% | 1,982 | 3,617 |
| Virgin Islands | 96.54% | 3,545 | 3,672 |
Historical Draft Usage
Conscription has played varying roles across American conflicts:
| Conflict | Total Conscripts | Total Participants | % Conscripts of Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Civil War (Union only) | 168,649 | 2,690,401 | 6.2% |
| World War I | 2,810,296 | 4,734,991 | 59.4% |
| World War II | 10,110,104 | 16,112,566 | 62.7% |
| Korean War | 1,529,539 | 5,720,000 | 26.7% |
| Vietnam War | 1,857,304 | 8,744,000 | 21.3% |
Agency Overview
The Selective Service System is a small federal agency. In fiscal 2024, its budget was approximately $24.6 million with 124-162 full-time civilian staff. Both spending and employment have decreased over recent decades.
As of 2023, national registration compliance for men aged 18-25 was 84%, with over 15 million men registered. This represents a slight decline attributed partly to removing the registration checkbox from federal student aid applications.
The system that emerged from Vietnam’s controversies represents a fundamentally different approach to conscription—more transparent, equitable, and limited in scope. Whether it will ever be used again remains an open question, but understanding how it works helps clarify the civic obligations that American law still places on young men today.
Our articles make government information more accessible. Please consult a qualified professional for financial, legal, or health advice specific to your circumstances.
