Does Your Vote Matter? The Impact of Voting in American Elections

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In a democracy as vast as the United States, casting a single ballot can feel like a small gesture in a sea of millions.

Many citizens feel their vote is insignificant, a drop in the ocean incapable of changing the tide. However, this overlooks the complex and layered ways in which votes—both individually and collectively—shape American governance.

Understanding the true impact of a vote requires moving beyond the simple question of whether it will be the one to decide an election. It involves examining statistical probabilities, historical precedents, the crucial differences between local and national races, and the powerful, indirect ways that voting patterns influence policy and political discourse.

The Decisive Vote: A Statistical Reality Check

The most common source of voter skepticism is the statistical argument: the chance that one individual’s vote will be the single, tie-breaking ballot in a major election is infinitesimally small. While this is mathematically true, a deeper look at the data reveals a more nuanced picture of a vote’s potential power.

The Long Odds in a Presidential Election

For a voter in a U.S. presidential election, the probability of casting a decisive vote depends on two key factors: the probability that their state’s electoral votes are essential for a candidate to reach the 270-vote majority in the Electoral College, and the probability that the popular vote in their state is tied in that specific scenario.

Based on this model, extensive research by political scientists Andrew Gelman, Nate Silver, and Aaron Edlin analyzing the 2008 election concluded that, on average, a voter in the United States had approximately a 1 in 60 million chance of being the decisive vote in the presidential election.

These long odds have led many scholars to argue that, from a purely instrumental viewpoint focused on personal gain versus the cost of voting, the act itself can appear “irrational.”

The structure of the Electoral College is the primary driver of these odds. It systematically devalues the power of votes in states that are not considered competitive, or “safe” states, where the outcome is highly predictable.

For a voter in a state like California (reliably Democratic) or Wyoming (reliably Republican), the probability of their vote being decisive at the national level is effectively zero. Some statistical models place the odds in these states as low as one in 100 trillion, as the chance of that state’s electoral votes being the pivotal bloc is almost nonexistent.

This reality often creates a psychological barrier to voting, as citizens in non-competitive states feel their participation has no bearing on the national outcome.

The Swing State Advantage: Where Your Vote’s Power is Magnified

The national average of 1 in 60 million masks a dramatic variation in voter power from state to state. In politically competitive “swing” or “tipping point” states, the odds of casting a decisive vote increase substantially.

A tipping-point state is one whose electoral votes could be the ones to push a candidate over the 270-vote threshold, making it a focal point of the election.

In the 2008 presidential election, the states where a single vote held the most power were New Mexico, Virginia, New Hampshire, and Colorado. In these states, a voter had an approximate 1 in 10 million chance of determining the national outcome—six times more powerful than the national average.

Looking at the famously close 2000 election, the probability in small, competitive states like New Mexico or New Hampshire could have been as high as 1 in 3 million.

Even when national polls suggest a lopsided victory, the probability of being decisive in a potential tipping-point state remains significant. This is because polls are not perfect and can have significant errors. A candidate’s large lead in pre-election surveys doesn’t eliminate the possibility of a very close race on election day.

Why Every Vote Builds the Margin

A common objection to these calculations is that any election decided by a single vote would inevitably be contested, sent to a recount, or decided by the courts, thereby nullifying the impact of that one vote.

This view, however, misunderstands the nature of probability. Each additional vote for a candidate doesn’t act as a simple on/off switch but rather as a marginal increase in their probability of winning across all possible close-call scenarios.

A larger vote margin makes a candidate more likely to win without a recount, more likely to survive a recount if one occurs, and more likely to prevail in a legal challenge. The 537-vote margin for George W. Bush in Florida in 2000 was small enough to trigger a massive legal battle, but it was still a margin that ultimately held.

Each of those 537 votes contributed to building a buffer that, however thin, was enough to secure the presidency.

The “Expected Value” of Your Vote

Focusing solely on the odds of casting a single tie-breaking vote is a narrow way to measure impact. A more sophisticated framework is the concept of “expected value” or “expected importance.” This is calculated by multiplying the probability of an event by the stakes or impact of that event.

Even a very small probability, when multiplied by an enormous impact, can yield a significant expected value.

The stakes of a presidential election are immense. Over a four-year term, the U.S. federal government allocates and spends trillions of dollars—one estimate puts the figure at $17.5 trillion.

If a voter in a swing state has a 1 in 10 million chance of changing the election’s outcome, their vote carries an expected influence over approximately $1.75 million of government activity ($17.5 trillion / 10 million).

This reframes the vote not as a lottery ticket with a tiny chance of winning, but as a micro-share of influence over vast resources and critical policy decisions. The stakes extend far beyond the budget to include healthcare, environmental regulations, judicial appointments, and foreign policy.

Furthermore, the value of a vote shouldn’t be measured only by personal benefit, but by the potential benefit to millions of fellow citizens who would be affected by a different policy direction.

Statistical Power by Geographic Area

The Historical Precedent: When a Handful of Votes Changed History

While statistical models provide one perspective on a vote’s impact, history offers another, more tangible one. The abstract nature of probability can make the power of a vote feel theoretical, but American history is filled with concrete examples of elections at every level being decided by the narrowest of margins.

These instances are not just quaint anecdotes; they are powerful reminders that “every vote counts” is a recurring reality, not just a political slogan.

Presidential Power on a Razor’s Edge

The highest office in the nation has been determined by a handful of votes on several occasions, demonstrating the immense stakes tied to small vote counts.

The 2000 Election: 537 Votes for the Presidency

The 2000 presidential election between George W. Bush and Al Gore stands as the most prominent modern example. The entire election hinged on the state of Florida, where, out of nearly 6 million votes cast, Bush’s official margin of victory was just 537 votes.

This razor-thin margin triggered an automatic recount and a month-long legal battle over “hanging chads” and voter intent, which culminated in the Supreme Court case Bush v. Gore.

The crisis demonstrated that the impact of individual votes isn’t just about breaking a tie, but about creating a “margin of litigation.” A slightly larger margin for either candidate could have prevented the protracted legal and political turmoil that followed.

The 1876 Election: One Electoral Vote

The 1876 presidential election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden was even closer in the Electoral College. Tilden won the popular vote by over 250,000 votes, but after contested results in several Southern states were resolved by a special Electoral Commission, Hayes won the presidency by a single electoral vote, 185 to 184.

The controversy surrounding this election was so intense that it led to the passage of the Electoral Count Act of 1887 to create a formal procedure for handling such disputes in the future.

When the House Decides

In some cases, the final decision has been taken out of the hands of the general electorate altogether. According to the 12th Amendment, if no candidate secures a majority of 270 electoral votes, the election is decided by the House of Representatives in a “contingent election,” where each state delegation gets a single vote.

This occurred in 1800, when the House was deadlocked until a single vote on the 36th ballot elected Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr. It happened again in 1824, when the House chose John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson, who had won the most popular and electoral votes but failed to secure a majority.

These cases show how the votes that elect individual House members can ultimately be the votes that decide the presidency.

Landmark Decisions by a Single Congressional Vote

The impact of a vote extends to the representatives it sends to Washington, who then cast pivotal votes on the nation’s most critical issues. Throughout history, single votes in Congress have had monumental consequences:

• In 1845, the U.S. Senate passed the convention to annex Texas by a margin of just two votes (27-25)
• In 1868, President Andrew Johnson was acquitted in his impeachment trial, avoiding removal from office by a single vote in the Senate
• In 1941, just weeks before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. House of Representatives voted to extend the military draft. The measure passed by a single vote, 203 to 202. The failure of that vote could have dramatically altered the nation’s readiness for World War II

When It’s Literally a Tie: The Role of Chance in Elections

The most direct and visceral examples of a single vote’s power occur in local and state elections, where ties are more common due to smaller electorates. When an election ends in a tie, the winner is often determined by a game of chance, completely removing the will of the people from the outcome.

One additional voter turning out would have provided a clear democratic result.

Real Examples of Tie-Breaking by Chance

Wyoming House Race (1994): The two candidates each received 1,941 votes. After a recount confirmed the tie, the winner was chosen when the governor drew a ping pong ball bearing one candidate’s name from a cowboy hat.

Virginia House of Delegates (2017): A race was certified as a tie with 11,608 votes for each candidate. The winner was determined by drawing a name from a ceramic bowl. This single race decided the balance of power in the entire House of Delegates, which shifted from a Republican majority to a 50-50 split.

Nevada County Commission (2002): State law prescribes that ties be broken by drawing playing cards. This method decided an Esmeralda County Commission race when one candidate drew a jack of spades to beat his opponent’s jack of diamonds.

School Funding in Michigan (1989): A school funding proposition in Lansing, Michigan, failed because of a tie vote, 5,147 to 5,147. The result forced the school district to cut its budget by $2.5 million. A single “yes” vote would have passed the measure.

These instances reveal a fundamental fragility in the democratic process when participation is marginal. They reframe the question from “Will my vote be the deciding one?” to “Will my vote be the one that prevents our community’s future from being decided by a coin flip?”

Historic Close Elections and Their Consequences

The Amplified Vote: Why Local and Down-Ballot Elections Magnify Your Impact

While presidential elections capture the national spotlight, an individual’s vote often has its greatest statistical and practical power in state and, especially, local elections. The focus on the White House can obscure the fact that the governments closest to home have the most direct impact on daily life.

The Power of Proximity: How Local Government Shapes Daily Life

The decisions made by city councils, mayors, school boards, and county officials have a tangible and immediate effect on the quality of life in a community. While the federal government’s actions can feel distant, local government is present every day.

Education: Elected school boards make critical decisions about school funding, curriculum standards, teacher pay, and district policies that directly shape the educational experience for children.

Public Safety and Justice: Mayors and city councils determine the budgets for police and fire departments. Elected sheriffs, district attorneys, and judges set the tone for law enforcement and the administration of justice in a community.

Infrastructure and Services: The quality of local roads, the availability of public transportation, the maintenance of parks, and the efficiency of sanitation services are all determined by elected local officials.

Economy and Taxes: Local governments set property tax rates, which affect homeowners and renters alike. Their decisions on zoning and development can influence the availability of affordable housing and the growth of local businesses.

The Turnout Gap: Where Your Vote Carries More Mathematical Weight

The primary reason a vote is more powerful at the local level is the dramatic difference in voter turnout. This “turnout gap” mathematically amplifies the weight of each ballot cast.

Presidential Elections: Typically see the highest turnout, with rates hovering around 60% to 67% of the voting-eligible population in recent cycles.

Midterm Elections: Turnout drops significantly, generally to around 40% to 50%.

Local Elections: Turnout plummets. Mayoral and city council elections often see turnout of less than 20%. For school board or special district elections, turnout can be as low as 5% to 10%.

In an election with a smaller pool of voters, each individual vote represents a larger share of the total, making it statistically more likely to influence the outcome. An election decided by a few dozen votes is a regular occurrence in local races with a few thousand participants, whereas it’s virtually unheard of in a national race with over 150 million voters.

The Unrepresentative Electorate

This massive turnout gap creates a system where local policy is often dictated by a small, unrepresentative fraction of the electorate. Studies show that voters in local elections are disproportionately older, whiter, more affluent, and more likely to be homeowners and public-sector employees like teachers.

When this small group is the only one voting, policies on issues like housing, school funding, and public services will naturally reflect their specific interests, not necessarily the interests of the broader, more diverse community.

Low turnout doesn’t simply create a power vacuum; it actively cedes power to a motivated and often unrepresentative minority.

Off-Cycle Elections Suppress Turnout

A key structural driver of this low turnout is the timing of local elections. The vast majority are held “off-cycle,” meaning on a separate day from the higher-profile state and federal elections in November.

This practice, often a remnant of Progressive Era reforms intended to separate local issues from partisan politics, has the modern-day effect of depressing participation. There’s less media coverage and campaign activity, and it requires voters to make a special effort to vote on a day they may not even know is an election day.

Research has shown that simply syncing local elections to coincide with presidential or midterm elections can double local turnout rates.

Turnout Rates and Vote Power by Election Type

The Critical Importance of Down-Ballot Races

The impact of voting locally extends beyond mayors and city councils to the many other offices listed further down the ballot. These “down-ballot” races are critically important because they determine the officials who write, interpret, and enforce the laws that govern society.

State Legislators: These officials hold immense power. They control the state budget, set funding levels for public education and universities, pass environmental regulations, and write the state’s voting laws. They are also responsible for drawing the district maps for both state legislative seats and the U.S. House of Representatives, a process (gerrymandering) that can determine the balance of political power for a decade.

Judges: In 24 states, supreme court justices face elections, and many more local judges are also elected. These judges interpret state constitutions and laws on everything from civil rights and public health to criminal justice and business disputes.

Attorneys General and Secretaries of State: The state attorney general is the chief law enforcement officer, with the power to challenge federal policies or prosecute major corporations. The secretary of state is often the state’s chief elections officer, overseeing the very mechanics of democracy.

The “Farm Team” for National Politics: Local and state offices are the training ground for future national leaders. Today’s school board trustee or state representative may be tomorrow’s governor or U.S. senator. Voting in these races is an investment in the quality and character of the next generation of national leadership.

The Collective Vote: Shaping Mandates, Platforms, and Policy

Beyond the direct impact of choosing a winner, voting functions as a powerful collective action that sends signals to the entire political system. The aggregate results of an election—the margin of victory, the demographic breakdown of who voted, and the support for losing candidates—all have profound, indirect effects on the direction of government policy and the evolution of political parties.

From Votes to Vision: How Elections Create a Political Mandate

An election is more than a process for filling an office; it’s a mechanism for granting a political mandate. A mandate is the perceived authority and popular legitimacy given by the electorate to a winning candidate or party to implement their policy platform.

The strength of this mandate is often tied to the margin of victory. A landslide win is typically interpreted as a strong public endorsement of the winner’s agenda, giving them the political capital to pursue bold or even controversial policies with less resistance.

Historic examples of presidents who claimed powerful mandates to enact transformative change include Franklin D. Roosevelt with the New Deal and Lyndon B. Johnson with the Great Society reforms.

Conversely, a narrow victory, or a win in the Electoral College while losing the popular vote (as in 2000 and 2016), can lead to a contested or weak mandate, making it harder to govern and inviting challenges to the winner’s legitimacy.

Every vote contributes to this margin. A vote for a winning candidate helps build the mandate, while a vote for a losing candidate helps shrink the winner’s perceived mandate, signaling a desire for moderation and compromise.

The Power of Turnout: How Who Votes Determines What Government Does

The simple act of voting sends a message, but who votes sends an even more powerful one. Politicians and political parties are rational actors who pay close attention to the demographic groups that reliably participate in elections. As a result, government policy tends to be more responsive to the preferences of high-turnout groups.

In the United States, there are significant and persistent turnout disparities across demographic lines. Wealthier, older, more educated, and white citizens consistently vote at higher rates than younger, lower-income, less educated, and minority citizens.

In the 2020 presidential election, for example, turnout among citizens with family incomes of $100,000-$149,999 was 81%, compared to just 63.6% for those with incomes of $30,000-$39,999.

This “turnout inequality” has direct policy consequences. Research indicates that elected officials are more likely to respond to the policy desires of their wealthy constituents, in part because they are more likely to vote.

When certain groups are underrepresented at the polls, issues that are priorities for them—such as affordable housing, student loan debt, or raising the minimum wage—may receive less attention and fewer resources from policymakers.

High and sustained voter turnout among a particular group is one of the most effective ways to signal its political power and force politicians to address its concerns.

The Ripple Effect of Losing: How Unsuccessful Campaigns Still Shape Politics

The idea that a vote for a losing candidate is a “wasted vote” overlooks one of the most important indirect impacts of voting: shaping the future of political platforms. Strong electoral showings by third-party, independent, or insurgent primary candidates, even in a losing effort, can introduce new ideas into the political mainstream and compel the major parties to adopt those ideas to win over their supporters in future elections.

Ross Perot’s 1992 Presidential Campaign

The independent billionaire Ross Perot ran a campaign singularly focused on the dangers of the rising federal budget deficit and national debt, complete with his famous charts and “voodoo stick.” He won nearly 19% of the popular vote but failed to win a single electoral vote.

However, his campaign’s success in mobilizing a large segment of the electorate around this issue forced it onto the national agenda. Both the incumbent, George H.W. Bush, and the winner, Bill Clinton, were pressured to address fiscal responsibility, which became a central theme of 1990s politics.

Bernie Sanders’ 2016 and 2020 Presidential Campaigns

Though he didn’t win the Democratic nomination in either cycle, Senator Bernie Sanders’ campaigns, fueled by grassroots enthusiasm and small-dollar donations, fundamentally shifted the Democratic Party’s platform to the left.

Ideas that were considered radical in 2016, such as a $15 federal minimum wage, “Medicare for All,” tuition-free public college, and a Green New Deal, became mainstream positions debated by all Democratic candidates by 2020.

The millions of votes cast for Sanders in the primaries sent an unmistakable signal to the party establishment about the priorities of a large and energized part of its base.

This demonstrates that voting isn’t just a choice between two candidates at a single point in time. It’s part of an ongoing, dynamic conversation between the electorate and the political parties. Parties are not static; they adapt to survive.

When a significant number of voters signal a strong preference for a particular issue or ideology by voting for a “losing” candidate, the major parties often co-opt parts of that platform to avoid losing those voters permanently.

The Direct Vote: Making Law Through Ballot Initiatives

In nearly half of the United States, citizens have a form of voting power that is even more direct than electing representatives: the ability to make and repeal laws themselves through ballot measures. This process of direct democracy allows voters to bypass their state legislature and have an unmediated impact on policy.

Bypassing the Legislature: The Power of Initiative and Referendum

The mechanisms of direct democracy primarily take two forms: the initiative and the referendum.

The Initiative Process, available in 24 states and the District of Columbia, enables citizens to place proposed new laws (statutes) and, in some states, constitutional amendments directly on the ballot for a popular vote. The process typically involves drafting the measure, getting the title and summary approved by the state, and then gathering a required number of signatures from registered voters.

The Veto Referendum (or popular referendum), available in 23 states, allows citizens to challenge a law already passed by the legislature. By gathering a required number of signatures, citizens can place the law on the ballot and ask voters to either uphold or repeal it.

Initiatives can be direct, where a successful signature drive places the measure straight onto the ballot, or indirect, where the measure first goes to the legislature. The legislature can then choose to pass the law, which avoids a public vote, or reject it, in which case the measure goes to the voters.

The Power and Perils of Direct Democracy

This process is not without controversy. Proponents argue that it empowers citizens, creates policies that better reflect public opinion, and serves as a crucial check on unresponsive or gridlocked legislatures.

Critics, however, raise concerns that the process can be hijacked by wealthy special interest groups who can afford expensive signature-gathering and advertising campaigns, that it can lead to poorly drafted and unconstitutional laws, and that it risks a “tyranny of the majority” where the rights of minority groups are put to a popular vote.

State-by-State Direct Democracy Options

Source: Data compiled from National Conference of State Legislatures and Ballotpedia

Case Studies in Direct Democracy

The history of ballot measures is filled with examples of voters enacting profound, and sometimes controversial, changes that legislatures were unwilling or unable to make.

California’s Proposition 13 (1978) – Taxation Revolution

Perhaps the most famous and consequential ballot initiative in U.S. history, Proposition 13 was a constitutional amendment that drastically reshaped public finance in California. Passed with 65% of the vote amid soaring property values and tax bills, it capped property tax rates at 1% of a property’s purchase price and limited assessment increases to 2% per year until the property is sold.

It also required a two-thirds supermajority in the legislature to pass state tax increases. The long-term effects have been monumental. It provided enormous tax relief and stability to homeowners, but it also caused a roughly 60% decline in property tax revenue for local governments in its first year, devastating school funding and shifting financial power from local communities to the state capital in Sacramento.

Many analysts argue it has contributed to California’s chronic housing shortage by disincentivizing longtime owners from moving (the “lock-in effect”) and by pushing cities to favor sales-tax-generating retail over new housing.

Prop 13 stands as a powerful example of the immense, generation-spanning power voters can wield, and a cautionary tale about the potential for unintended consequences when complex policy is made at the ballot box.

Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act (1994) – Health Policy Pioneer

In 1994, Oregon voters passed Measure 16 by a 51% to 49% margin, making Oregon the first state in the nation to explicitly permit medical aid in dying for terminally ill patients.

The law was immediately challenged in court, and its implementation was delayed for three years. In 1997, opponents of the law placed a repeal measure on the ballot (Measure 51), and voters reaffirmed their decision, rejecting the repeal by a decisive 60% to 40% margin.

The law survived further challenges, including from the U.S. Attorney General, and was ultimately upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2006. This case demonstrates how voters can act as policy pioneers, legalizing a controversial practice that most legislatures at the time wouldn’t touch, and then successfully defending that law against subsequent political and legal challenges.

Massachusetts’ Question 3 (2018) – Civil Rights Protection

In 2016, the Massachusetts legislature passed a law prohibiting discrimination on the basis of gender identity in public accommodations like restaurants, stores, and restrooms. Opponents of the law successfully gathered signatures for a veto referendum, placing the fate of the law in the hands of voters in the 2018 election.

The resulting ballot question, Question 3, became the first-ever statewide popular vote on transgender rights. The “Yes on 3” campaign sought to uphold the law, while the “No on 3” campaign sought to repeal it.

By a decisive margin of 67.8% to 32.2%, Massachusetts voters chose “Yes,” affirming the anti-discrimination protections. This was a landmark moment, demonstrating the power of voters to directly codify and protect civil rights.

Common Voter Concerns: Practical Questions Answered

Understanding the multifaceted impact of voting can still leave practical questions unanswered. Here are direct responses to some of the most common concerns voters have.

Does my vote really matter if I live in a “safe” state or district?

Yes, it still has a significant impact, just in different ways than in a swing state. While your vote is statistically very unlikely to be the single deciding vote in the presidential race, its impact is felt across multiple levels:

Local and State Elections: This is where your vote is most powerful. Turnout in local races for mayor, city council, and school board is often extremely low, meaning your individual vote carries far more mathematical weight. These officials make decisions that directly affect your schools, public safety, infrastructure, and local taxes.

Down-Ballot Races: Your vote for U.S. Congress and your state legislature is critical. These representatives vote on major legislation, and state legislators are responsible for drawing congressional district maps, which can determine the political balance of power for a decade.

Sending a Signal: Even in a losing effort, your vote contributes to the total vote share for a candidate or party. Large vote totals, even in a “safe” state, can influence national narratives, affect a president’s perceived mandate, and pressure political parties to adjust their platforms to compete for your vote in the future.

For example, high turnout for a particular party in a “safe” state can encourage the national party to invest more resources there in subsequent elections.

How can I be sure my vote is actually counted correctly?

The American election system has multiple layers of security and verification designed to ensure accuracy, though no system is perfect. Here are some key safeguards and rights:

Voter Registration: After you register, you should receive a confirmation card from your local elections office. You can always check your registration status online through your state’s official election website to ensure your information is correct.

At the Polls: If you make a mistake on your ballot, you have the right to ask a poll worker for a new one. If you arrive at your polling place and your name isn’t on the voter list, you have the right to cast a provisional ballot. This ballot is kept separate until election officials can verify your registration eligibility.

Post-Election: Election results are not final on election night. Every state has a legally mandated process for canvassing and certifying the results, which includes reconciling vote totals and reviewing provisional ballots. Many jurisdictions also conduct post-election audits to check that the vote-counting equipment functioned correctly. In very close races, recounts are often automatically triggered or can be requested.

If voting is so important, why do politicians seem to ignore what the public wants?

This is a common frustration and points to the complex realities of the U.S. political system. Several factors contribute to this disconnect:

The Turnout Gap: Politicians are most responsive to the groups who vote consistently. If a majority of the overall public supports a policy but a majority of voters doesn’t, politicians may follow the preferences of the voters. Low and unequal turnout is one of the biggest reasons for a disconnect between public opinion and public policy.

The Influence of Money and Lobbying: On many issues, especially those that are less visible to the public, the influence of campaign contributions and powerful lobbying groups can outweigh broad public opinion.

The Structure of Government: The U.S. is a representative republic, not a direct democracy. Its structure includes features that can lead to outcomes that don’t reflect the national popular will. The Electoral College can allow a candidate to win the presidency without the popular vote. The U.S. Senate gives every state, regardless of population, two senators, granting disproportionate power to voters in smaller states.

The Claim of a Mandate: A politician who wins an election may believe they have received a mandate to enact their entire platform, even if polls show that individual parts of that platform are unpopular with a majority of the public. Your vote helps determine who gets to claim that mandate.

The power of voting extends far beyond the simple act of choosing between candidates. Every vote contributes to building political momentum, shaping policy agendas, determining the balance of power, and signaling to political leaders what issues matter to the electorate.

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